Numerous real-life problems so complex as to be virtually insoluble by means of traditional computer science techniques can now be approached effectively with artificial intelligence techniques. Recently, artificial intelligence technologies have evolved at a rapid pace, raising significant challenges to the effort to stay current. PThe Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence is a comprehensive and in-depth reference to the most recent developments in the field covering theoretical developments, techniques, technologies, and applications of systems using intelligent characteristics for adaptability, automation learning, classification, prediction, and even artistic creation, among others. Authored by the world s leading experts from more than 30 countries, this commanding reference of over 200 articles is essential to any research library s technology holdings.