Swarm intelligence algorithms are a form of nature-based optimization algorithms. Their main inspiration is the cooperative behavior of animals within specific communities. This can be described as simple behaviors of individuals along with the mechanisms for sharing knowledge between them, resulting in the complex behavior of the entire community. Examples of such behavior can be found in ant colonies, bee swarms, schools of fish or bird flocks. Swarm intelligence algorithms are used to solve difficult optimization problems for which there are no exact solving methods or the use of such methods is impossible, e.g. due to unacceptable computational time.

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In the instruction and learning process, the role writing plays has often been overlooked. Writing is thinking! It is a tool for learning in all content areas. The ever-growing body of brain research supports that learning to write transitions into writing to learn as students progress through upper elementary, middle, high school, and college.